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Cannes Film Festival

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Cannes Film Festival
File:Festival de Cannes logo.png
File:Patchwork-Cannes-2.jpg
LocationCannes, France
Founded20 September 1946; 77 years ago (1946-09-20) (as International Film Festival)
AwardsPalme d'Or, Grand Prix
Websitewww.festival-cannes.com/en/
File:Cannes vu du Suquet.JPG

Cannes seen from Le Suquet

The Cannes Festival (/kæn/; French: [Festival de Cannes] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), until 2002 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film) and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.[1]

On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, took over as President of the Festival, while Thierry Fremaux became the General Delegate. The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the Festival.[2][3]

The 2019 Cannes Film Festival took place from 14 to 25 May 2019 and Mexican filmmaker Alejandro González Iñárritu was the jury president.[4] Parasite, directed by South Korean director Bong Joon-ho, won the Palme d'Or.[5]

History[]

The early years[]

File:Note Cannes 1939.jpg

Note from 1939 with the French Government's decision not to participate at the Venice Film Festival anymore, but instead to host its own festival in Biarritz, Cannes or Nice

The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1932 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of historian Philippe Erlanger and with the support of the British and Americans, set up an international cinematographic festival. Its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was shocking the democratic world by its fascist bias.[6] The first festival was planned for 1939, Cannes was selected as the location for it, but the funding and organization were too slow and finally the beginning of World War II put an end to this plan.[7]

On 20 September 1946, twenty-one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino of Cannes.[8] In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. In 1949, the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival was moved to spring to avoid a direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.[7]

1950s and 1960s[]

During the early 1950s, the festival attracted a lot of tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing. Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.[9]

In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like Night and Fog in 1956 and Hiroshima, My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between friends."[10][11]

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965 Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sofia Loren became president.[12]

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France,[13] and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year.[14] In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalisateurs), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.[15]

1970s and 1980s[]

During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures, with films like MASH, and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn. In some cases, these changes helped directors like Tarkovski overcome problems of censorship in their own country.[16] Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.[17]

In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.[18]

In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker", provoking a lot of criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred.[19] In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival.[20] In his term, the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India, New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".[21]

File:Starlette.jpg

Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.

1990s to present[]

In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities.[22] The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence, where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in 2005 L'Atelier, which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes.[23][24]

During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004 the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as Cannes Classics, which included documentaries. In 2007 Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate. In 2009 he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes, and in 2010 he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition.

Controversies[]

In recent years, a number of gender and sexual controversies has surrounded the Cannes Film Festival. These include "Heelgate" in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels.[25] The incident caused numerous female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of solidarity and protest.[26]

A number of high-profile directors and producers have also been accused of sexual harassment and abuse at past festivals.[citation needed]

As a result of the past sexual controversies and the [[Me Too movement|Template:HashMeToo movement]] that arose out of the Harvey Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes.[27] The hotline is in collaboration with the French government.[28]

General Delegate Thierry Frémaux reportedly 'banned' selfies on the red carpet of the festival back in 2015.[29]

In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy.[30] In 2018, the enforcement of theatrical screening in France resulted in Netflix withdrawing their films from the festival.[31]

Festival team[]

Year President General Delegate General Secretary
1949 – – Jean Touzet
1952 Robert Favre Le Bret
1972 Robert
Favre Le Bret 		Maurice Bessy
1978 Gilles Jacob
1984 Pierre Viot
1985 Michel P. Bonnet
1991 François
Erlenbach
2001 Gilles Jacob General Director
Véronique Cayla 		Artistic Delegate
Thierry Frémaux
2005 Catherine Démier
2007 Thierry Frémaux
2014 Pierre Lescure
2017

The President of the Festival, who represents the Festival in front of its financial partners, the public authorities and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the Festival, officially named the "French Association of the Film Festival". The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event. The President has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team, including the General Delegate, with the approval of the board of directors.[32] Sometimes a President, after his last term, becomes the Honorary President of the Festival.

The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from General Delegate to the position of the President, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his former post, the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the Artistic Director, responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the Artistic Director Thierry Fremaux, became again the General Delegate of the Festival.

The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters.

Programmes[]

The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections:[33]

  • The Official Selection – The main event of the festival.
    • In Competition – The films competing for the Palme d'Or. They are projected in the Théâtre Lumière.
    • Un Certain Regard – Films selected from cultures near and far; original and different works. They are projected at the Salle Debussy.
    • Out of Competition – These films are also projected in the Théâtre Lumière but do not compete for the main prize.
    • Special Screenings – The selection committee chooses for these films an environment specially adapted to their particular identity.
    • Cinéfondation – About fifteen shorts and medium-length motion pictures from film schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel.
    • Short Films – The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at Buñuel and Debussy theatres. There are approximately 10 films in this competition.
    • Cannes Classics – It celebrates the heritage of film, aiming to highlight works of the past, presented with brand new or restored prints.
    • Cinéma de la Plage – Screening of Cannes Classics and Out of Competition films for the mass public on Macé beach, preceded by a programme dedicated to film music.
  • Parallel Sections – These are alternative programmes dedicated to discovering other aspects of cinema.
    • International Critics' Week – Since 1962, it has focused on discovering new talents and showcasing first and second feature films by directors from all over the world.
    • Directors' Fortnight – Since 1969, it has cast its lot with the avant-garde, even as it created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious auteurs.
    • ACID (Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution)
    • Tous les Cinémas du Monde – It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across the world. Each day, one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in celebration of its unique culture, identity and recent film works.
  • Events
    • Marché du Film – The busiest film market in the world.
    • Masterclasses – Given in public by world-renowned filmmakers.
    • Tributes – Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival Trophee following the screening of one of their films.
    • Producers Network – An opportunity to make international co-productions.
    • Exhibitions – Each year, an artist, a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event's programme.
    • 60th Anniversary – Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Festival.

Juries[]

Main article: List of Cannes Film Festival juries (Feature films)

Prior to the beginning of each event, the Festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers.[34] The appointment of the President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the Festival's board of directors for validation.[35]

  • Feature Films – An international jury composed of a President and various film or art personalities, who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition.
  • Cinéfondation and Short Films – Composed of a President and four film personalities. It awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation.
  • Un Certain Regard – Composed of a President, journalists, students in cinema, and industry professionals. It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can, moreover, honour two other films.
  • Caméra d'Or – Composed of a President, as well as film directors, technicians, and French and international critics. They award the best film in any category.

The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners.[36]

Awards[]

File:Palmed'or.jpg

Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse Now at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival

File:Léa Seydoux Adèle Exarchopoulos Césars 2014.jpg

In 2013, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux became the first and only cast members to receive the Palme d'Or for Blue Is the Warmest Colour in an "unprecedented move", alongside the director Abdellatif Kechiche.

The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") for the best film.

  • Competition
    • Palme d'Or – Golden Palm
    • Grand Prix – Grand Prize of the Festival
    • Prix du Jury – Jury Prize
    • Palme d'Or du court métrage – Best Short Film
    • Prix d'interprétation féminine – Best Actress
    • Prix d'interprétation masculine – Best Actor
    • Prix de la mise en scène – Best Director
    • Prix du scénario – Best Screenplay
  • Other Sections
    • Prix Un Certain Regard – Young talent, innovative and audacious works
    • Cinéfondation prizes – Student films
    • Caméra d'Or – It rewards the best first film of the Festival, choosing among the debutants' works among the Official Selection, the Directors' Fortnight and the International Critics' Week selections.
  • Given by Independent Entities
    • FIPRESCI Prize – The International Federation of Film Critics awards prizes to films from the main competition section, Un Certain Regard and parallel sections
    • Directors' Fortnight Prizes
    • Prix Vulcain – Awarded to a technical artist by the CST
    • International Critics' Week Prizes
    • Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
    • François Chalais Prize
    • L'Œil d'or – Best documentary film
    • Trophée Chopard
    • Palm Dog – Best canine performance[37]
    • Queer Palm – Best LGBT-related films[38]
    • Cannes Soundtrack Award
    • Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography

Impact[]

The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema: An Introduction (ISBN 0333752104), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality" (page 20).[39] Forbes and Street also point out that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is "art" cinema.[39]

Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is attended by many stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.

Cannes Film Festival in fiction[]

Though most of the media attention the festival receives is journalistic in nature, the festival has been explored from the standpoint of fiction by novelists over the years.

J. G. Ballard’s Super-Cannes is about the European elite who live in a closed society by the festival. Michael Grothaus’ Epiphany Jones is a social satire about the festival and film industry and explores sex trafficking that occurs during the festival. The book was named one of the best Hollywood novels of all time by Entertainment Weekly.[40] Iain Johnstone’s Cannes: The Novel is a dystopian tale about terrorists holding the festival hostage.

In addition to fictional works, the festival has been examined in contexts ranging from the cultural to the historical in a host of non-fiction books.[41]

See also[]

  • Directors' Fortnight
  • International Critics' Week
  • List of Cannes Film Festival jury presidents
  • List of Cannes Film Festival juries (Feature films)
  • Marché du Film

References[]

  1. ↑ "Presentation of the Palais". palaisdesfestivals.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. ↑ "Cannes Film Festival Names Pierre Lescure President". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-film-festival-names-president-670706. Retrieved 14 January 2014. 
  3. ↑ "Pierre Lescure elected President of the Festival de Cannes". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ "Alejandro González Iñárritu Jury President of the Festival de Cannes 2019". 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ Sharf, Zack (25 May 2019). "Cannes 2019 Full Winners List: Bong Joon-ho Wins Palme d'Or for 'Parasite'". IndieWire. Retrieved 26 May 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ "First Cannes Film Festival". history.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "1938–1951: The birth of the Festival". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. ↑ "1st Cannes Film Festival". Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  9. ↑ "Honoring the Female Trailblazers of Cannes /2. Dolores del Río". harpersbazaar.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ "Festival de Cannes – Festival History". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. ↑ "1952–1959: Celebrities, politics and the film world". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. ↑ "1960–1968: The growing legitimacy of cinema and a world of new horizons". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ "1968 Cannes Festival". cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ "The Fortnight in action". quinzaine-realisateurs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  15. ↑ "Directors' Fortnight". Directors' Fortnight website. Retrieved 27 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ "1969–1977: A Festival that moves with the times". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 30 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ "1972 – Tout le monde il est beau, tout le monde il est gentil". cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ "1978 – Cannes, Le Retour". Cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ "1983 – Le Festival blessé". Cannes-fest.com archive. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  20. ↑ "1978–1986: A wind of change". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ "The History of the Festival / The 80s: The Modern Era". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ "Presentation". Cinéfondation. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ "1987–1996: The first Palme d'Or for a woman director". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ "1997-today: The Festival enters a new century". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ Film, Telegraph (9 May 2016). "Heelgate and beyond: 13 controversial Cannes moments". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/05/09/heelgate-and-beyond-13-controversial-cannes-moments/. 
  26. ↑ "Controversy at Cannes: When the festival made news for all the wrong reasons". hindustantimes.com. 2017-05-16. https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/controversy-at-cannes-when-the-festival-made-news-for-all-the-wrong-reasons/story-HKP2Y05AqZKQrmZllH0mfM.html. 
  27. ↑ Keslassy, Elsa (27 April 2018). "Cannes Film Festival to Create Hotline for Sexual Harassment Victims (Report)". Variety. https://variety.com/2018/film/global/cannes-film-festival-to-create-hotline-for-sexual-harassment-victims-report-1202790014/. 
  28. ↑ "Cannes film festival to open anti-sexual predator hotline". RFI. 2018-04-27. http://en.rfi.fr/france/20180427-cannes-film-festival-open-anti-sexual-predator-hotline. 
  29. ↑ "'I am so Pathetic: I Took a Selfie at the Red Carpet' at the Cannes Film Festival=Ikon London Magazine". Retrieved 2017-05-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. ↑ "Netflix Defends Strategy at Cannes: 'The Culture Is Changing'". nytimes.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. ↑ Chiu, Allyson (26 March 2018). "Cannes Film Festival bans Netflix films from competition. Also, no more selfies.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/03/26/cannes-film-festival-bans-netflix-films-from-competition-also-no-more-selfies. Retrieved 12 April 2018. 
  32. ↑ "Pierre Lescure officiellement à la tête du Festival de Cannes". LeMond.fr (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2017. Le président du Festival de Cannes est élu par le conseil d'administration de l'Association française du Festival international du film. Cette instance compte vingt-huit membres et repose sur un subtil équilibre entre le monde du cinéma et les pouvoirs publics, qui subventionnent l'événement.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ "Festival de Cannes – Official Site". Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. ↑ "Patrimoine: Villa Domergue". Site officiel de la Ville de Cannes. Retrieved 6 July 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  37. ↑ "Pixar pooch picks Up Cannes prize". BBC News. 22 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8064150.stm. Retrieved 27 May 2009. 
  38. ↑ "Transgender activist Pascale Ourbih on Cannes gay prize jury". On Top Magazine. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Forbes, Jill; Street, Sarah (2001). European Cinema: An Introduction. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-75210-4. 
  40. ↑ "The most irresistible Hollywood novels" (in en). EW.com. https://ew.com/books/25-irresistible-hollywood-novels/#epiphany-jones-by-michael-grothaus. 
  41. ↑ "16 Books About Cannes Film Festival you Have to Read - Cannes Estate" (in en-GB). Cannes Estate. 2018-07-06. https://www.cannesestate.se/en/cannes/film-festival-books/. 

Further reading[]

Books

Media[]

External links[]

Template:Cannes Film Festival

Palme d'Or winning films
Union Pacific (1939) • Torment (Hets) (1946) • The Lost Weekend (1946) • The Red Meadows (1946) • Brief Encounter (1946) • María Candelaria (1946) • Neecha Nagar (1946) • The Turning Point (1946) • La Symphonie pastorale (1946) • The Last Chance (1946) • Men Without Wings (1946) • Rome, Open City (1946) • Ziegfeld Follies (1947) • Antoine and Antoinette (1947) • Dumbo (1947) • Crossfire (1947) • The Damned (1947) • The Third Man (1949) • Miss Julie (1951) • Miracle in Milan (1951) • The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice (1951) • Two Cents Worth of Hope (1952) • The Wages of Fear (1953) • Gate of Hell (1954) • Marty (1955) • The Silent World (1956) • Friendly Persuasion (1957) • The Cranes Are Flying (1958) • Black Orpheus (1959) • La Dolce Vita (1960) • The Long Absence (1961) • Viridiana (1961) • O Pagador de Promessas (1962) • The Leopard (1963) • The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) • The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965) • A Man and a Woman (1966) • The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966) • Blowup (1967) • if.... (1969) • M*A*S*H (1970) • The Go-Between (1971) • The Working Class Goes to Heaven (1972) • The Mattei Affair (1972) • The Hireling (1973) • Scarecrow (1973) • The Conversation (1974) • Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975) • Taxi Driver (1976) • Padre Padrone (1977) • The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978) • Apocalypse Now (1979) • The Tin Drum (1979) • All That Jazz (1980) • Kagemusha (1980) • Man of Iron (1981) • Missing (1982) • Yol (1982) • The Ballad of Narayama (1983) • Paris, Texas (1984) • When Father Was Away on Business (1985) • The Mission (1986) • Under the Sun of Satan (1987) • Pelle the Conqueror (1988) • Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989) • Wild at Heart (1990) • Barton Fink (1991) • The Best Intentions (1992) • Farewell My Concubine (1993) • The Piano (1993) • Pulp Fiction (1994) • Underground (1995) • Secrets & Lies (1996) • Taste of Cherry (1997) • The Eel (1997) • Eternity and a Day (1998) • Rosetta (1999) • Dancer in the Dark (2000) • The Son's Room (2001) • The Pianist (2002) • Elephant (2003) • Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) • The Child (2005) • The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006) • 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) • The Class (2008) • The White Ribbon (2009) • Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010) • The Tree of Life (2011) • Amour (2012) • Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) • Winter Sleep (2014) • Dheepan (2015) • I, Daniel Blake (2016) • The Square (2017) • Shoplifters (2018) • Parasite (2019)

Template:Short Film Palme d'Or Winners

Cannes Film Festival jury presidents
1946–1975 Georges Huisman (1946) • Georges Huisman (1947) • Georges Huisman (1949) • André Maurois (1951) • Maurice Genevoix (1952) • Jean Cocteau (1953) • Jean Cocteau (1954) • Marcel Pagnol (1955) • Maurice Lehmann (1956) • André Maurois (1957) • Marcel Achard (1958) • Marcel Achard (1959) • Georges Simenon (1960) • Jean Giono (1961) • Tetsurō Furukaki (1962) • Armand Salacrou (1963) • Fritz Lang (1964) • Olivia de Havilland (1965) • Sophia Loren (1966) • Alessandro Blasetti (1967) • André Chamson (1968) • Luchino Visconti (1969) • Miguel Ángel Asturias (1970) • Michèle Morgan (1971) • Joseph Losey (1972) • Ingrid Bergman (1973) • René Clair (1974) • Jeanne Moreau (1975)
1976–2000 Tennessee Williams (1976) • Roberto Rossellini (1977) • Alan J. Pakula (1978) • Françoise Sagan (1979) • Kirk Douglas (1980) • Jacques Deray (1981) • Giorgio Strehler (1982) • William Styron (1983) • Dirk Bogarde (1984) • Miloš Forman (1985) • Sydney Pollack (1986) • Yves Montand (1987) • Ettore Scola (1988) Wim Wenders (1989) • Bernardo Bertolucci (1990) • Roman Polanski (1991) • Gérard Depardieu (1992) • Louis Malle (1993) • Clint Eastwood (1994) • Jeanne Moreau (1995) • Francis Ford Coppola (1996) • Isabelle Adjani (1997) • Martin Scorsese (1998) • David Cronenberg (1999) • Luc Besson (2000)
2001–present Liv Ullmann (2001) • David Lynch (2002) • Patrice Chéreau (2003) • Quentin Tarantino (2004) • Emir Kusturica (2005) • Wong Kar-wai (2006) • Stephen Frears (2007) • Sean Penn (2008) • Isabelle Huppert (2009) • Tim Burton (2010) • Robert De Niro (2011) • Nanni Moretti (2012) • Steven Spielberg (2013) • Jane Campion (2014) • Joel and Ethan Coen (2015) • George Miller (2016) • Pedro Almodóvar (2017) • Cate Blanchett (2018) • Alejandro González Iñárritu (2019) • Spike Lee (2021) • Vincent Lindon (2022) • Ruben Östlund (2023)

Template:Film festivals

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